2024年7月18日 星期一 19:43:55

[印染小常识]淀粉的制备及通性介绍

    一、要淀粉的制备: 
  
    1.小麦淀粉 
   以小麦粉先行润湿,经过相当时间后取出,在水中洗涤。洗涤时去其面皮及面筋质,淀粉则沉淀于水中,滤去水分,烘干或晒干,即成干制小麦淀粉。 
    2.玉蜀黍淀粉 
   先将玉蜀黍在40~60℃的温水中,浸渍约30~40小时使之柔软,然后将它压碎。再把经过压碎的玉蜀黍送到V型槽中进行水洗,淀粉即被洗下,再过滤,把滤后所得的乳状液,放在斜底槽中沉淀,分去水分,烘干或晒干,即得干制玉蜀黍淀粉(又称六谷粉,也叫苞米淀粉)。 
    二、淀粉的通性: 
    1.纯粹的淀粉为细微的粒状白色粉末,粉粒的大小,依原植物的种类而异,在显微镜下观察,各有它特殊形状、极易鉴别。 
    2.淀粉的主要成分为碳水化合物,此外尚含有其它成分。 
    3.淀粉微溶于冷水,如在水中加热,淀粉粒吸收水分而能膨胀到它原来体积的100倍。当淀粉粒在温水中膨胀到一定限度时,就会逐渐破裂而变成糊状,这种现象称为糊化。 
    4.各种淀粉各有不同的膨化温度和糊化温度。淀粉中所含杂质越多,则膨化和糊化的温度也就越高。各种主要的纯粹淀粉膨化和糊化的温度如表2。

  
    5.无论何种淀粉,遇碘溶液即吸附碘而呈蓝色反应,如将含有碘溶液的淀粉糊加热时蓝色立即消失,但冷却后蓝色仍然显现,这是淀粉特有的性质。 
    6.淀粉容易水解,最初水解生成的糊精与碘作用仍成蓝色,进一步水解的糊精与碘作用成红色,再进一步水解所得的糊精与碘作用不起颜色变化。淀粉水解时,由于不同组成的水解速度不同、及进行的程度不同、用碘试验时,最初是蓝色,而后顺序呈蓝紫色、紫红色、红色、黄色、直至无色。 
    7.淀粉不耐酸,在强酸作用下易于水解,低温时,在弱酸中水解不显著;与烧碱溶液作用时,充分膨化,粘度增加,所以在pH值3~11情况下均适用。 
    8.淀粉与稀酸共热,则糖化而生成糊精。进一步又转化为葡萄糖,粘力即大为减少。它的作用过程如下: 
    淀粉→可溶性淀粉→糊精→葡萄糖 
    9.淀粉与强而浓的碱质如烧碱相混和时,即变为粘力很强的白色透明胶体物,这便是碱化淀粉糊。 
    10.淀粉与酵素接触,即发酵而由不溶性的淀粉变成可溶性的糊精和葡萄糖,很易被水洗去。

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