2024年7月18日 星期一 19:43:55

甘薯育苗技术

      1 选用良种 当前的育苗繁殖育种,应首选经省农作物品种审定委员会审定通过的秦薯1号(优质高淀粉型)、秦薯2号(高产食饲兼用型)、秦薯3号(优质食用型)、秦薯4号改良优系(优质食饲兼用型)以及红心431,通过严格提纯因地区和用途选择利用。
   2 适期早育苗 根据栽植面积和育苗条件采用适期早育,关中地区一般在“谷雨”前30--50天育苗,若“谷雨”前有育成苗,可将此苗剪下假植,待“谷雨”后栽植。
  3 适温集中催芽 早春气温低,天气多变和过高床温往往是育苗失败的关键。集中催芽有两好处:一是便于早期集中精细管理,节省燃料和劳力,并显著降低育苗成本;二是出芽早,出芽多。办法是:最好选温室或大棚内建加温苗床,排薯3--4层,层下和层间用细麦草铺垫,上部用草帘或麦草覆盖。前2- -3天将床温控制在35--37℃,不浇水,促进伤口愈合,抑制病害发生。继而爆花发芽,需将薯层用温水浸透,将床温保持在32--34℃(不低于 30℃,不高于35℃),注意保温通气。经5--6天左右,爆花芽长1厘米左右,再将床温自然下降到20--24℃,注意通气和降低床内温度,使薯芽整齐粗壮,经2--3天后选晴天中午即可取出分床排种育苗。
  4 按育苗季节早晚采用不同的育苗床型 冬季或早春可采用加温大棚、温室、火炕双保险苗床,电加温床。3月份后可采用太阳贮温酿热床等。将催芽的种薯稀植平排育苗,有利于培育春薯壮苗和采苗圃。
  在农村大部分都采用太阳贮温酿热床育苗,具体技术如下:
   苗床最好是东西向,长度根据育苗需要和地形而定,一般长5米左右,宽1.50米左右,实际宽度应和塑料宽度相协调。床深50厘米左右,床底中央略高,两边稍低,呈龟背形,以便在苗床南北两边多装些酿热物,不使苗床四周温度与床中间温度温差过大。挖出的床土放在两边,加高床沿。酿热物选用新鲜的骡马粪。酿热物的发酵与分解是在潮湿条件下进行的,因此酿热物中要加入适量的水,具体作法如下:底部铺1层17厘米厚的麦糠,麦糠上铺13厘米厚牛粪,经 2--3天发热填入床内,踩实的厚度不少于25厘米,在其上再填10厘米厚过筛的粪土,然后排种,每平方米一般排30千克左右。要分清头尾,做到上齐下不齐,大小种薯分开排,两次盖粪土。第一次先盖半(以盖严甘薯为宜),然后按每平方米浇25千克左右的水灌泼,以浇透为宜,然后再盖1层5厘米左右的粪土,这样苗床就建好了。
 

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